Peaceful marches are effective for both independents and Democrats, while civil disobedience has a positive effect among Democrats. These effects are isolated to those who are most certain of anthropogenic climate change. No effect is observed among Republicans. Despite evidence from other studies suggesting the possibility, no “backfire” effects are observed for any group or protest type.
I don’t think I’ve seen a longitudinal study like that, but what I’ve seen in practice is that teenagers who start off leading local protests end up becoming activists who engage with municipal and provincial/state government on an ongoing basis.